• All position papers published by the International Society of Sports Nutrition
• ACSM Position Stand on Nutrition and Athletic Performance
  • Nutrition and Athletic Performance, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise: March 2016 – Volume 48 – Issue 3 – p 543-568 doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000000852
• ACSM Position Stand on Exercise and Fluid Replacement
  • Sawka MN, Burke L, Eichner R, Maughan RJ, Montain SJ, Stachenfeld N. American College of Sports Medicine. Exercise and fluid replacement position stand. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2007; 377-390.
• Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics and ACSM Position Stand
  • Thomas DT, Erdman KA, Burke LM. Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, Dietitians of Canada, and the American College of Sports Medicine: Nutrition and Athletic Performance. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2016 Mar;116(3):501-528.

• Gatorade Sports Science Institute (GSSI) –  in-depth articles on various sports nutrition topics
  • Examples of topics include:
    • Practical Approaches to Nutrition for Female Athletes
    • Nutrition Recommendations for Altitude Training
• Review of doping substances in dietary supplements
  • Martínez-Sanz JM, Sospedra I, Ortiz CM, Baladía E, Gil-Izquierdo A, Ortiz-Moncada R. Intended or Unintended Doping? A Review of the Presence of Doping Substances in Dietary Supplements Used in Sports. Nutrients. 2017 Oct 4;9(10):1093. doi: 10.3390/nu9101093. PMID: 28976928; PMCID: PMC5691710 
• International Society of Sports Nutrition updates on research and recommendations
  • Kerksick CM, Wilborn CD, Roberts MD, Smith-Ryan A, Kleiner SM, Jäger R, Collins R, Cooke M, Davis JN, Galvan E, Greenwood M, Lowery LM, Wildman R, Antonio J, Kreider RB. ISSN exercise & sports nutrition review update: research & recommendations. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2018 Aug 1;15(1):38. doi: 10.1186/s12970-018-0242-y. PMID: 30068354; PMCID: PMC6090881
• NCAA List of banned substances
  • https://www.ncaa.org/sports/2015/6/10/ncaa-banned-substances.aspx 

• Carbohydrates
• • Burke LM, Hawley JA, Wong SH, Jeukendrup AE. Carbohydrates for training and competition. J Sports Sci. 2011;29 Suppl 1:S17-27. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2011.585473. Epub 2011 Jun 9. PMID: 21660838
  • Hargreaves M, Hawley JA, Jeukendrup A. Pre-exercise carbohydrate and fat ingestion: effects on metabolism and performance. J Sports Sci. 2004 Jan;22(1):31-8. doi: 10.1080/0264041031000140536. PMID: 14971431
• Fat
  • Burke LM, Hawley JA. Fat and carbohydrate for exercise. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2006 Jul;9(4):476-81. doi: 10.1097/01.mco.0000232911.69236.3b. PMID: 16778580
  • Jeukendrup AE, Saris WH, Wagenmakers AJ. Fat metabolism during exercise: a review–part III: effects of nutritional interventions. Int J Sports Med. 1998 Aug;19(6):371-9. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-971932. PMID: 9774203
• Other
  • Sports dietician recommended website for nutrition information for athletes
    • https://www.eatright.org/food 
  • NIH dietary supplement fact sheet
    • https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/ExerciseAndAthleticPerformance-HealthProfessional/

Recreational Athlete

• Sports nutrition for the recreational athlete
  • Desbrow B, Slater G, Cox GR. Sports nutrition for the recreational athlete. Aust J Gen Pract. 2020 Jan-Feb;49(1-2):17-22. doi: 10.31128/AJGP-10-19-5108. PMID: 32008270. 

Pediatric Athlete

• Sports Dietician Australia position statement for adolescent athletes
  • Desbrow B, McCormack J, Burke LM, Cox GR, Fallon K, Hislop M, Logan R, Marino N, Sawyer SM, Shaw G, Star A, Vidgen H, Leveritt M. Sports Dietitians Australia position statement: sports nutrition for the adolescent athlete. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2014 Oct;24(5):570-84. doi: 10.1123/ijsnem.2014-0031. Epub 2014 Mar 25. PMID: 24668620
• Nutrition for young athletes (also covers female and elite athletes)
  • Desbrow B, Burd NA, Tarnopolsky M, Moore DR, Elliott-Sale KJ. Nutrition for Special Populations: Young, Female, and Masters Athletes. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2019 Mar 1;29(2):220-227. doi: 10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0269. Epub 2019 Feb 15. PMID: 30632423. 
• Unhealthy weight-control practices
  • American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Sports Medicine and Fitness. Promotion of healthy weight-control practices in young athletes. Pediatrics. 2005 Dec;116(6):1557-64. doi: 10.1542/peds.2005-2314. Erratum in: Pediatrics. 2006 Apr;117(4):1467. PMID: 16322186.

Female Athlete

• Wiki Sports Medicine: Female Athlete Triad
• Female Athlete Triad Coalition consensus statement
  • De Souza MJ, et al.  2014 Female Athlete Triad Coalition Consensus Statement on Treatment and Return to Play of the Female Athlete Triad:  Br J Sports Med 2014; 48:289.
• International Olympic Committee consensus statement
  • Mountjoy M, et al.   The IOC consensus statement: beyond the Female Athlete Triad—Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S).  Br J Sports Med 2014; 48:491–497.

Elite Athlete

• Sports nutrition for the endurance athlete
  • Vitale K, Getzin A. Nutrition and Supplement Update for the Endurance Athlete: Review and Recommendations. Nutrients. 2019 Jun 7;11(6):1289. doi: 10.3390/nu11061289. PMID: 31181616; PMCID: PMC6628334. 
• Dietary supplements in high-performance athletes
  • Maughan RJ, Burke LM, Dvorak J, Larson-Meyer DE, Peeling P, Phillips SM, Rawson ES, Walsh NP, Garthe I, Geyer H, Meeusen R, van Loon L, Shirreffs SM, Spriet LL, Stuart M, Vernec A, Currell K, Ali VM, Budgett RGM, Ljungqvist A, Mountjoy M, Pitsiladis Y, Soligard T, Erdener U, Engebretsen L. IOC Consensus Statement: Dietary Supplements and the High-Performance Athlete. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2018 Mar 1;28(2):104-125. doi: 10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0020. Epub 2018 Mar 28. PMID: 29589768 
• Making decisions on supplement use
  • Maughan RJ, Shirreffs SM, Vernec A. Making Decisions About Supplement Use. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2018 Mar 1;28(2):212-219. doi: 10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0009. Epub 2018 Mar 22. PMID: 29565185. 

Patient with Chronic Diseases

• Diabetes
  • Riddell MC, Scott SN, Fournier PA, Colberg SR, Gallen IW, Moser O, Stettler C, Yardley JE, Zaharieva DP, Adolfsson P, Bracken RM. The competitive athlete with type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia. 2020 Aug;63(8):1475-1490. doi: 10.1007/s00125-020-05183-8. Epub 2020 Jun 12. PMID: 32533229; PMCID: PMC7351823.
  • Harris GD, White RD. Diabetes in the competitive athlete. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2012 Nov-Dec;11(6):309-15. doi: 10.1249/JSR.0b013e3182751007. PMID: 23147019.

Sport-Specific

• Bodybuilding/Strength Sports
  • Helms ER, Aragon AA, Fitschen PJ. Evidence-based recommendations for natural bodybuilding contest preparation: nutrition and supplementation. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2014;11:20. Published 2014 May 12. doi:10.1186/1550-2783-11-20
  • Slater G, Phillips SM. Nutrition guidelines for strength sports: sprinting, weightlifting, throwing events, and bodybuilding. J Sports Sci. 2011;29 Suppl 1:S67-77. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2011.574722. Epub 2011 Jun 12. PMID: 21660839.
• Combat Sport
  • Januszko P, Lange E. Nutrition, supplementation and weight reduction in combat sports: a review. AIMS Public Health. 2021;8(3):485-498. Published 2021 Jul 6. doi:10.3934/publichealth.2021038
  • Turnagöl HH, Koşar ŞN, Güzel Y, Aktitiz S, Atakan MM. Nutritional Considerations for Injury Prevention and Recovery in Combat Sports. Nutrients. 2021;14(1):53. Published 2021 Dec 23. doi:10.3390/nu14010053
  • Reale R, Slater G, Burke LM. Individualised dietary strategies for Olympic combat sports: Acute weight loss, recovery and competition nutrition. Eur J Sport Sci. 2017 Jul;17(6):727-740. doi: 10.1080/17461391.2017.1297489. Epub 2017 Mar 19. PMID: 28316263.
• Cross-Country Skiing
  • Lyudinina AY, Ivankova GE, Bojko ER. Priority use of medium-chain fatty acids during high-intensity exercise in cross-country skiers. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2018 Dec 10;15(1):57. doi: 10.1186/s12970-018-0265-4. PMID: 30526607; PMCID: PMC6288941
• Dancing
  • Sousa M, Carvalho P, Moreira P, Teixeira VH. Nutrition and nutritional issues for dancers. Med Probl Perform Art. 2013 Sep;28(3):119-23. PMID: 24013282.
• High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT)
  • Maughan RJ, Greenhaff PL, Leiper JB, Ball D, Lambert CP, Gleeson M. Diet composition and the performance of high-intensity exercise. J Sports Sci. 1997 Jun;15(3):265-75. doi: 10.1080/026404197367272. PMID: 9232552
• Rowing, Kayaking (also covers running, swimming, cycling)
  • Stellingwerff T, Maughan RJ, Burke LM. Nutrition for power sports: middle-distance running, track cycling, rowing, canoeing/kayaking, and swimming. J Sports Sci. 2011;29 Suppl 1:S79-89. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2011.589469. Epub 2011 Jul 28. PMID: 21793766
• Running/Endurance
  • International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) position statement for running athletes
    • Burke LM, Castell LM, Casa DJ, Close GL, Costa RJS, Desbrow B, Halson SL, Lis DM, Melin AK, Peeling P, Saunders PU, Slater GJ, Sygo J, Witard OC, Bermon S, Stellingwerff T. International Association of Athletics Federations Consensus Statement 2019: Nutrition for Athletics. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2019 Mar 1;29(2):73-84. doi: 10.1123/ijsnem.2019-0065. Epub 2019 Apr 5. PMID: 30952204 
  • Sports and dietary supplements in running athletes
    • Peeling P, Castell LM, Derave W, de Hon O, Burke LM. Sports Foods and Dietary Supplements for Optimal Function and Performance Enhancement in Track-and-Field Athletes. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2019 Mar 1;29(2):198-209. doi: 10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0271. Epub 2019 Feb 17. PMID: 30299192
  • Ketogenic diet in endurance athletes
    • Zinn C, Wood M, Williden M, Chatterton S, Maunder E. Ketogenic diet benefits body composition and well-being but not performance in a pilot case study of New Zealand endurance athletes. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2017 Jul 12;14:22. doi: 10.1186/s12970-017-0180-0. PMID: 28706467; PMCID: PMC5506682
• Soccer
  • Portuguese Football Federation consensus statement
    • Abreu R, Figueiredo P, Beckert P, Marques JP, Amorim S, Caetano C, Carvalho P, Sá C, Cotovio R, Cruz J, Dias T, Fernandes G, Gonçalves E, Leão C, Leitão A, Lopes J, Machado E, Neves M, Oliveira A, Pereira AI, Pereira B, Ribeiro F, Silva LM, Sousa F, Tinoco T, Teixeira VH, Sousa M, Brito J. Portuguese Football Federation consensus statement 2020: nutrition and performance in football. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med. 2021 Aug 26;7(3):e001082. doi: 10.1136/bmjsem-2021-001082. PMID: 34527279; PMCID: PMC8395276
  • Union of European Football Associations group statement
    • Collins J, Maughan RJ, Gleeson M, Bilsborough J, Jeukendrup A, Morton JP, Phillips SM, Armstrong L, Burke LM, Close GL, Duffield R, Larson-Meyer E, Louis J, Medina D, Meyer F, Rollo I, Sundgot-Borgen J, Wall BT, Boullosa B, Dupont G, Lizarraga A, Res P, Bizzini M, Castagna C, Cowie CM, D’Hooghe M, Geyer H, Meyer T, Papadimitriou N, Vouillamoz M, McCall A. UEFA expert group statement on nutrition in elite football. Current evidence to inform practical recommendations and guide future research. Br J Sports Med. 2021 Apr;55(8):416. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2019-101961. Epub 2020 Oct 23. PMID: 33097528
  • Dietary intake in Australian football/soccer players
    • Devlin BL, Leveritt MD, Kingsley M, Belski R. Dietary Intake, Body Composition, and Nutrition Knowledge of Australian Football and Soccer Players: Implications for Sports Nutrition Professionals in Practice. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2017 Apr;27(2):130-138. doi: 10.1123/ijsnem.2016-0191. Epub 2016 Oct 6. PMID: 27710165. 
• Team sports
  • Holway FE, Spriet LL. Sport-specific nutrition: practical strategies for team sports. J Sports Sci. 2011;29 Suppl 1:S115-25. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2011.605459. Epub 2011 Aug 11. PMID: 21831001
• Winter Sports
  • Meyer NL, Manore MM, Helle C. Nutrition for winter sports. J Sports Sci. 2011;29 Suppl 1:S127-36. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2011.574721. Epub 2011 Jun 21. PMID: 22150424.

• Nutrition lecture from AMSSM Fellow Online Lecture series, 1 hr
• Canadian Sports Centre lecture on sports nutrition for young athletes, 1 hr each (2 part series) 
  • https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=-yC62E4ihrw 
  • https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=a1awBC00GNw 
• ACSM nutrition for performance theory lecture, 1 hr

• Editor Note: We have listed all the books that are physician directed. We have not personally reviewed all these books for content
• Clinical Sports Nutrition, 5th ed. Australia: McGraw-Hill; 2015.
  • Author: Burke LM and Deakin V
• Sports Nutrition: A Handbook for Professionals, 6th Editio
  • Author: Christine Karpinski, Christine Rosenbloom
•  Sports Nutrition, the Encyclopedia of Sports Medicine, an IOC Medical Commission Publication. Hoboken, NJ:  John Wiley and Sons, Ltd; 2014.
  • Author: Maughan R.  
• Sports & Exercise Nutrition, 5th ed.  Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2019. 
  • McArdle WD, Katch FI, and Katch VL. 
• Nutrition for Health, Fitness and Sport. 11th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education; 2016.
  • Williams M.  
• Exercise Physiology: Nutrition, Energy, and Human Performance. 8th ed. Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins; 2014.
  • McArdle WD, Katch FI, Katch VL.
• Advanced Sports Nutrition 
  • Author: Dan Benardot
• Essentials of Exercise & Sport Nutrition: Science to Practice 
  •  Richard B. Kreider PhD FACSM FISSN FNAK. 2019. 
• Nutritional Supplements in Sports and Exercise. Greenwood M et al. (Editors). 2015. ISBN-13: 978-3319182292 
• Essentials of Sports Nutrition and Supplements. 
  • Antonio J et al. (Editors). 2008. ISBN: 978-1-58829-611-5 
• Performance Nutrition. Applying the science of nutrient timing. 
  • Krista Austin and Bob Seebhor.
• Exercise professionals guide to Sport nutrition and weight management.
  •  Laura Kruskall.
• Nancy Clarks sports nutrition guidebook 5th edition.
  • Nancy Clark

• Training adaptations through nutrition
  • Hawley JA, Tipton KD, Millard-Stafford ML. Promoting training adaptations through nutritional interventions. J Sports Sci. 2006 Jul;24(7):709-21. doi: 10.1080/02640410500482727. PMID: 16766500
• Ergogenic aids: counseling the athlete
  • Ahrendt DM. Ergogenic aids: counseling the athlete. Am Fam Physician. 2001 Mar 1;63(5):913-22. PMID: 11261867.
• Systematic review of sodium bicarb on muscular strength and endurance
  • Grgic J, Rodriguez RF, Garofolini A, Saunders B, Bishop DJ, Schoenfeld BJ, Pedisic Z. Effects of Sodium Bicarbonate Supplementation on Muscular Strength and Endurance: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2020 Jul;50(7):1361-1375. doi: 10.1007/s40279-020-01275-y. PMID: 32096113
  • Lambert EV, Hawley JA, Goedecke J, Noakes TD, Dennis SC. Nutritional strategies for promoting fat utilization and delaying the onset of fatigue during prolonged exercise. J Sports Sci. 1997 Jun;15(3):315-24. doi: 10.1080/026404197367326. PMID: 9232557
• Prevalence and perspectives of supplement use
  • Garthe I, Maughan RJ. Athletes and Supplements: Prevalence and Perspectives. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2018 Mar 1;28(2):126-138. doi: 10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0429. Epub 2018 Mar 26. PMID: 29580114
• Dietary intakes and supplement use in paralympic athletes
  • Madden RF, Shearer J, Parnell JA. Evaluation of Dietary Intakes and Supplement Use in Paralympic Athletes. Nutrients. 2017 Nov 21;9(11):1266. doi: 10.3390/nu9111266. PMID: 29160809; PMCID: PMC5707738
• Nutrition for sport performance – issues and opportunities
  • Maughan RJ, Shirreffs SM. Nutrition for sports performance: issues and opportunities. Proc Nutr Soc. 2012 Feb;71(1):112-9. doi: 

Editors & Contributors

• Last Updated (Fall 2022)
• Contributors (Summer 2022)
  • Anthony Shadiack, DO, CAQSM, HCA Healthcare/Mercer University School of Medicine/Grand Strand Medical Center Family Medicine Residency Program
  • Sydnie Vo, MD, Family Medicine UCLA