Back (Thoracic/lumbar/sacral spine)

• Palpate for
  • Effusion
  • Clicking
  • Snapping
  • Crepitus
  • Tenderness
  • Temperature
  • Masses
• Areas of Emphasis
  • Midline tenderness
  • Stepoffs
  • Sacroiliac joint

• Thoracic
  • Flexion: 80 from neutral
  • Extension: 30 from neutral
• Lumbar
  • Flexion: 40-60 from neutral
  • Extension: 20-35 from neutral
  • Rotation: 45 from neutral
  • Lateral Flexion (sidebending): 25 degree from neutral

• Motor examination
  • Should include examination of intrinsic back muscles and lower extremities
• Back
  • Extension: Erector Spinae Muscles, Multifidus
  • Lateral Flexion (sidebending): Erector Spinae Muscles, Quadratus Lumborum
  • Rotation: Multifidus
  • Flexion: Rectus Abdominis, Internal obliques, External Obliques
• Hip
  • Hip Flexion (L2, L3): Iliopsoas
  • Hip Adduction (L2, L3): Gracilis, Obturator Externus, Adductor Brevis, Adductor Longus and Adductor Magnus
  • Hip Extension (L5): Gluteus Maximus, Biceps Femoris, Semitendinosus, Semimembranosus, Adductor Magnus
  • Hip Abduction (L5): Gluteus Medius, Gluteus Minimus, Tensor Fasciae Latae
• Knee
  • Knee Extension (L3, L4): Rectus Femoris, Vastus Lateralis, Vastus Medius, Vastus Intermedius
  • Knee Flexion: Biceps Femoris, Semitendinosus, Semimembranosus, Gracilis, Sartorius, Gastrocnemius, Popliteus
• Ankle
  • Dorsiflexion (L4, L5): Tibialis Anterior
  • Plantarflexion (S1): Gastrocnemius, Soleus, Peroneal Muscles
  • Eversion (S1): Peroneal Muscles
  • Inversion (L5): Tibialis Posterior
• Foot
  • Toe Dorsiflexion (L5): Extensor Hallucis Longus, Extensor Digitorum Longus
  • Toe Plantarflexion (S2): Flexor Hallucis Longus, Flexor Digitorum Longus

• Sensory Nerves
  • L1: Iliac crest, groin
  • L2, L3: Anterior and inner thigh
  • L4: Lateral thigh, anterior knee, medial leg
  • L5: Lateral leg, dorsal foot
  • S1: Posterior Leg
  • S2: Plantar foot
  • S3, S4: Perianal
• Dermatomes
  • Needs to be updated
• Reflexes
  • Commonly Used
    • Patellar (L3, L4)
    • Achilles (S1, S2)
  • Uncommonly Used
    • Medial Hamstring (L5, S1)
    • Lateral Hamstring (S1, S2)
    • Posterior Tibial (L4, L5)
    • Cremasteric (L1, L2)
    • Anal wink/ bulbocavernous (S2)
• Myotomes
  • L2: Hip Adduction, Hip Flexion
  • L3: Knee Extension, Hip Adduction, Hip Flexion
  • L4: Knee Extension, Dorsiflexion
  • L5: Hip Abduction, Hip Extension, Toe Dorsiflexion, Foot Inversion, Dorsiflexion
  • S1 Foot Version, Plantarflexion
  • S2: Toe Plantar Flexion
  • S3: Bowel, bladder function
  • S4: Bowel, bladder function
• Vascular
  • Femoral Artery
  • Popliteal Artery
  • Dorsalis Pedis Artery
  • Posterior Tibial Artery

• Lumbar Radiculopathy (Sciatica)
  • Straight Leg Raise Test: WikiSM |
  • Kemp Test: WikiSM |
• Herniated Nucleus Pulposus
  • Femoral Nerve Tension Test: WikiSM |
  • Straight Leg Raise Test: WikiSM |
  • Slump Test: WikiSM |
• Facet Joint Pain
  • Kemp Test: WikiSM |
• Spinal Stenosis
  • Kemp Test: WikiSM |
  • Straight Leg Raise Test: WikiSM |
• Sacroiliac Joint Pain
  • Stork Test: WikiSM |
  • Standing Flexion Test: WikiSM |
  • One Legged Hyperextension: WkiSM |
  • FABER Test: WikiSM |
  • Posterior Shear Test: WikiSM |
  • Resisted Abduction Test: WikiSM |
  • Sacroiliac Distraction Test: WikiSM |
  • Sacroiliac Compression Test: WikiSM |
• Spondylolysis
  • One Legged Hyperextension: WikiSM |
• Spondylolisthesis
  • One Legged Hyperextension: WikiSM |
  • Provocative Walking Test: WikiSM |
• Ankylosing Spondylitis
  • Schobers Test: WikiSM |
  • FABER Test: WikiSM |
• Sacral Stress Fracture
  • FABER Test: WikiSM |
  • Flamingo Test
  • Gaenslens Test: WikiSM |
  • Squish Test: WikiSM |
• Cauda Equina Syndrome
  • Bulbocavernous Reflex: WikiSM |
• Scoliosis
  • Adams Forward Bend Test: WikiSM |
• Upper Motor Neuron Lesion
  • Babinski Test: WikiSM |
• Spinal Cord Injury, Spinal Shock
  • Bulbocavernous Reflex: WikiSM |

Other text or information.

Other text or information.